The following opinion is presented on-line for informational use only and does not replace the official version. (Mich Dept of Attorney General Web Site - www.ag.state.mi.us)



STATE OF MICHIGAN

FRANK J. KELLEY, ATTORNEY GENERAL


Opinion No. 5426

February 15, 1979

CHILDREN AND MINORS:

Uniform Gifts to Minors Act

GIFTS:

Uniform Gifts to Minors Act

LIMITED PARTNERSHIP:

Interest as security under Uniform Gifts to Minors Act

PARTNERSHIPS:

Interest as security under Uniform Gifts to Minors Act

WORDS AND PHRASES:

'Security'

A limited partner's interest in a limited partnership is a 'security' within the provisions of the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act.

A general partner's interest in a limited partnership is not a 'security' within the meaning of the term used in the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act.

Honorable John Kelley

State Senator

The Capitol

Lansing, Michigan

You have requested my opinion as to whether (1) a limited partner's interest and (2) a general partner's interest in a limited partnership are securities within the meaning of section 1(1) of the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act, 1959 PA 172, as amended; MCLA 554.451(1); MSA 27.3178(241.21)(1) so as to be appropriate subjects of gifts to minors.

The term 'security' is defined in the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act, 1959 PA 172, Sec. 1(1), supra as follows:

"Security' means a note, stock, treasury, stock, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in an oil, gas, or mining title or lease or in payments out of production under such a title or lease, collateral trust certificate, transferable share, voting trust certificate or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a security, or any certificate of interest or participation in, any temporary or interim certificate, receipt or certificate of deposit for, or any warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing. The term does not include a security of which the donor is the issuer. A security is in 'registered form' when it specifies a person entitled to it or to the rights it evidences and its transfer may be registered upon books maintained for that purpose by or on behalf of the issuer.' (emphasis added)

The definition of 'security' under the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act is substantially the same as used in the Uniform Securities Act, 1964 PA 265, Sec. 401(1), MCLA 451.801(1); MSA 19.776(401)(1). (1) Therefore, the interpretation of the term 'security' under the Uniform Securities Act can be utilized in interpreting the meaning of the term 'security' under the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act.

Limited partnerships are formed pursuant to 1931 PA 110, MCLA 449.201 et seq; MSA 20.51 et seq. Section 1 thereof defines a limited partnership as:

'. . . a partnership formed by 2 or more persons under the provisions of section 2, having as members 1 or more general partners and 1 or more limited partners. The limited partners as such shall not be bound by the obligations of the partnership.'

1931 PA 110, supra, Sec. 7, provides:

'A limited partner shall not become liable as a general partner unless, in addition to the exercise of his rights and powers as a limited partner, he takes part in the control of the business.'

1931 PA 110, supra, Sec. 19, further provides that a limited partner's interest is assignable. Thus, a limited partner's interest in a limited partnership is analogous in many respects to a shareholder's interest in a corporation.

In Klebanow v New York Produce Exchange, 344 F2d 294 (CA 2, 1965), the United States Court of Appeals held that a limited partner may sue for damages to the partnership even though the managing partners are barred from bringing suit because of their affiliations with the defendant. In reversing the district court, the court stated at page 297:

'. . . appellants properly ask why, if cestui que trust may sue under such circumstances, a limited partner may not. See Klebanow v. Funston, 35 F.R.D. 518 (S.D.N.Y. 1964). They press also the example of the stockholder, an analogy which becomes the more forceful when we add that a preferred stockholder also may maintain a derivative action, Ashwander v. TVA, 297 U.S. 288, 321-322, 56 S.Ct. 466, 80 L.Ed. 688 (1936). This gains further force from the New York Court of Appeals' statement that the position of a limited partner is 'analogous to that of a corporate shareholder.' Ruzicka v. Rager, 305 N.Y. 191, 197-198, 111 N.E.2d 878, 39 A.L.R.2d 288 (1953).

'Appellees respond that limited partners are mere creditors who must work out their remedies through receivership or bankruptcy; appellants disclaim creditor status in this appeal, although on another, Klebanow v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 343 F.2d 726 (2 Cir. 1965), they asset they are that for the purpose of voting their claims as limited partners in the election of a trustee in bankruptcy. A limited partner, barred from using his name in the firm title, said to lack 'property rights' in partnership assets, and presumed to have priority over other partners in the distribution of assets, does have some resemblance to a creditor. See N.W. Partnership Law, McKinney's Consol. Laws, c. 39, Secs. 94, 112; Alley v. Clark, 71 F.Supp. 521 (E.D.N.Y. 1947). However, in the main, a limited partner is more like a shareholder, often expecting a share of the profits, subordinated to general creditors, having some control over direction of the enterprise by his veto on the admission of new partners, and able to examine books and 'have on demand true and full infomation of all things affecting the partnership See N.Y. Partnerships Law Secs. 98, 99, 112. That the limited partner is immune to personal liability for partnership debts save for his original investment, is not thought to be an 'owner' of partnership property, and does not manage the business may distinguish him from general partners but strengthens his resemblance to the stockholder; and even as to his preference in dissolution, he resembles the preferred stockholder. . . .'

Although no reported Michigan case has considered whether a limited partnership interest is a security, other jurisdictions have applied classical investment contract tests in holding that limited partnerships constituted securities. See Pratt v Kross, 276 Oregon 483; 555 P2d 765 (1976); CCH Blue Sky L. Rpts., p71,320; Garbo v Hilleary Franchise Systems, Inc., 479 SW2d 491 (Mo App, 1972); CCH Blue Sky L. Rpts., p71,026.

It is therefore my opinion that a limited partner's interest in a limited partnership is a 'security' pursuant to the provisions of the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act.

A general partner's interest in a limited partnership, however, differs from the limited partner's interest in that the general partner participates in the management of the partnership and has all the rights and powers of a partner in a partnership that is not limited with certain designated exception. (2) The rights of a partner are detailed at length in the Uniform Partnership Act, 1917 PA 72; MCLA 449.1 et seq; MSA 20.1 et seq. Of particular relevance are sections 9, 14 and 15, which provide:

'(1) Every partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business, and the act of every partner, including the execution in the partnership name of any instrument, for apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership of which he is a member binds the partnership, unless the partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing has knowledge of the fact that he has no such authority;

'(2) An act of a partner which is not apparently for the carrying on of the business of the partnership in the usual way does not bind the partnership unless authorized by the other partners;

'(3) Unless authorized by the other partners or unless they have abandoned the business, 1 or more but less than all the partners have no authority to:

'(a) Assign the partnership property in trust for creditors or on the assignee's promise to pay the debts of the partnership,

'(b) Dispose of the good-will of the business,

'(c) Do any other act which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary business of the partnership,

'(d) Confess a judgment,

'(e) Submit a partnership claim or liability to arbitration or reference;

'(4) No act of a partner in contravention of a restriction on his authority shall bind the partnership to persons having knowledge of the restriction.' MCLA 449.9; MSA 20.9

'The partnership is bound to make good the loss:

'(a) Where 1 partner acting within the scope of his apparent authority receives money or property of a third person and misapplies it; and

'(b) Where the partnership in the course of its business receives money or property of a third person and the money or property so received is misapplied by any partner while it is in the custody of the partnership.' MCLA 449.14; MSA 20.14

'All partners are liable:

'(a) Jointly and severally for everything chargeable to the partnership under sections 13 and 14;

'(b) Jointly for all other debts and obligations of the partnership; but any partner may enter into a separate obligation to perform a partnership contract.'

MCLA 449.15; MSA 20.15

This distinction between a limited partner's interest and a general partner's interest leads to the result that a general partner's interest in a limited partnership is not within the definition of a 'security' as used in the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act.

Frank J. Kelley

Attorney General

(1) 1964 PA 265, Sec. 401(1) states:

"Security' means any note, stock; treasury stock; bond; debenture; evidence of indebtedness; certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement; collateral-trust certificate; preorganization certificate or subscription; transferable share; investment contract; voting-trust certificate; certificate of deposit for a security; certificate of interest or participation in an oil, gas, or mining title or lease or in payments out of production under such a title or lease; or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a 'security', or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing. 'Security' does not include any insurance or endowment policy or annuity contract under which an insurance company promises to pay money either in a lump sum or periodically for life or some other specified period or a commodity contract.'

(2) 1931 PA 110, supra, Sec. 9.